DNA flow chart
Studying and Manipulating Genomes
-The discovery of the DNA was in 1953
-50 years later the entire human gene sequence was discovered
- DNA can be cut by restriction enzymes and then be combined to form recombinant DNA
-DNA can be determined through DNA fingerprinting
-They do automatic DNA sequencing
-Many information and social problems haven't been solved but can be through DNA
-Normal or modified genes can be put into organism to develop research
Cloning a Gene in Bacteria
-We can use DNA and the technology to recombine and copy genes. The steps in doing this is first by using the restriction enzyme to cut open the plasmid, in which you contain a circular DNA molecule. The plasmid itself works as a cloning vector and then it only cuts in one specific location which is called the restriction site.
-The Enzyme then produces DNA fragments that have matching sticky sides and then a ligase forges covalent bonds with the human and plasmid DNA and create a recombinant DNA. Then once this is done the human gene us inserted in the plasmid lacZ gene. The plasmid carries a gene for resistance to the antibiotic ampicillin.
-The human gene is used to clone and study from them. Transformation is when a bacterium is induced to take up the recombinant plasmid from the surrounding solution
-After the bacterium is placed on the growth medium as it replicates the plasmid.
-Recombinant DNA Technology: Introducing a Gene into a Cell.
-DNA is first found within the nucleus of cells. It contains the instructions for the cell and determines the unique characteristics of it. The gene is within it as well that codes the cell. A gene contains chemical bases which are Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine. They have all specific shapes and are paired with a specific one for example, A is always paired with T and C is always paired with G. To isolate a gene the DNA must be extracted from the cell. By using the vector which transfers a gene to another cell. A plasmid can be used as a vector which is a circular DNA molecule found in some bacteria. Before the process the plasmid must be extracted from the bacterium before used as a vector. The gene needs to be isolated to contain the gene necessary and for this to be effective restriction enzymes were used. The restriction enzymes works as biological scissors. Now the plasmid and the gene are recombined. The ends are called the sticky ends which are able to recombine. The recombinant DNA now contains the new gene which is now introduced into the plant cell, this process is called transformation. Once it is transferred the cell is able to divide and replicate. These single cells grow into a mature plant called transgenic plant.
-The discovery of the DNA was in 1953
-50 years later the entire human gene sequence was discovered
- DNA can be cut by restriction enzymes and then be combined to form recombinant DNA
-DNA can be determined through DNA fingerprinting
-They do automatic DNA sequencing
-Many information and social problems haven't been solved but can be through DNA
-Normal or modified genes can be put into organism to develop research
Cloning a Gene in Bacteria
-We can use DNA and the technology to recombine and copy genes. The steps in doing this is first by using the restriction enzyme to cut open the plasmid, in which you contain a circular DNA molecule. The plasmid itself works as a cloning vector and then it only cuts in one specific location which is called the restriction site.
-The Enzyme then produces DNA fragments that have matching sticky sides and then a ligase forges covalent bonds with the human and plasmid DNA and create a recombinant DNA. Then once this is done the human gene us inserted in the plasmid lacZ gene. The plasmid carries a gene for resistance to the antibiotic ampicillin.
-The human gene is used to clone and study from them. Transformation is when a bacterium is induced to take up the recombinant plasmid from the surrounding solution
-After the bacterium is placed on the growth medium as it replicates the plasmid.
-Recombinant DNA Technology: Introducing a Gene into a Cell.
-DNA is first found within the nucleus of cells. It contains the instructions for the cell and determines the unique characteristics of it. The gene is within it as well that codes the cell. A gene contains chemical bases which are Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine. They have all specific shapes and are paired with a specific one for example, A is always paired with T and C is always paired with G. To isolate a gene the DNA must be extracted from the cell. By using the vector which transfers a gene to another cell. A plasmid can be used as a vector which is a circular DNA molecule found in some bacteria. Before the process the plasmid must be extracted from the bacterium before used as a vector. The gene needs to be isolated to contain the gene necessary and for this to be effective restriction enzymes were used. The restriction enzymes works as biological scissors. Now the plasmid and the gene are recombined. The ends are called the sticky ends which are able to recombine. The recombinant DNA now contains the new gene which is now introduced into the plant cell, this process is called transformation. Once it is transferred the cell is able to divide and replicate. These single cells grow into a mature plant called transgenic plant.