Studying and Manipulating GenomesSUMMARY: the discovery of DNA IN 1953 that cause the interest in creating greater technology, the interest was so high that it only took 50 years to actually get the entire human genome sequenced. How DNA works is actually an easy process the DNA cuts the restriction enzyme and the fragments that is combined from each recombinant DNA. their is two ways to coy DNA one is to copy them in a living cell or by using PCR. Modified genes can be inserteted into an organism and study them more deeply, their is a process called genetically modified, which they use on food to make them last more but is actually bad for human body. all the information scientist have found out about human and human DNA has been used for therapy ad other applications, although we have made a great advancements in science their are still several social issues unsolved.
|
Cloning a Gene in BacteriaSUMMARY: Due to our advancements we can actually use each techniques of DNA AND COPY EACH GENE. the restriction enzyme cuts the plasmid but not just anywhere it cuts especially at a certain code which is called the " restriction site" after the DNA is cut it leaves sticky ends which are the end of the DNA that is cut, the human gene has to be cloned to be copied or studied.
their is a place called the bacterium wich is placed on a growth medium it replicates the plasmid which is a precces called transformation. not all the bacteria actually gets cutt and dont make the plasmid and some take up lacZ. The bacteria with human genes are in the colorless colonies. |
Recombinant DNA Technology: Introducing a Gene into a Cell.
SUMMARY: -DNA is found in the nucleus of cells. It has the instructions for the cell and determines the characteristics of it. The gene is with it and also the of codes the cell. usually a gene contains chemical bases which are Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine. They have all specific shapes and are paired with a specific one for example, A is always paired with T and C is always paired with G. To isolate a gene the DNA must be extracted from the cell. By using the vector which transfers a gene to another cell. A plasmid can be used as a vector which is a circular DNA molecule found in some bacteria. Before the process the plasmid must be extracted from the bacterium before used as a vector. The gene needs to be isolated to contain the gene necessary and for this to be effective restriction enzymes were used. The restriction enzymes works as biological scissors. Now the plasmid and the gene are recombined. The ends are called the sticky ends which are able to recombine. The recombinant DNA now contains the new gene which is now introduced into the plant cell, this process is called transformation. Once it is transferred the cell is able to divide and replicate. These single cells grow into a mature plant called transgenic plant its most likely incorporated into the polen and eggs of the plant and then passed into the next generation.